Sign In. Edit Station West Haven Jane Greer Charlie Agnes Moorehead Caslon Burl Ives Hotel Clerk Tom Powers Captain Iles Gordon Oliver Prince Steve Brodie Stellman Guinn 'Big Boy' Williams Mick Raymond Burr Mark Bristow Regis Toomey James Goddard Michael Steele Jerry Olin Howland Cook as Olin Howlin John Berkes Pianist Dan White Pete John Kellogg Ben Charles Middleton Sheriff John Doucette Bartender Suzi Crandall Girl Rest of cast listed alphabetically: Erville Alderson Stageline Hired Hand uncredited Al Bain Townsman uncredited Stanley Blystone Bouncer uncredited Rudy Bowman Townsman uncredited Chet Brandenburg Waiter uncredited Noble 'Kid' Chissell Townsman uncredited Bing Conley Waiter uncredited Victor Cox Not to exceed 15 additional people.
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Call Us. Many smaller rivers are characterized by marshy banks with reeds. By far the most famous peninsula is the Crimea , which - from the point of view of the Ukrainian state and the large majority of the United Nations General Assembly - has belonged to Ukraine since , but has been claimed and de facto controlled by Russia since The island of Khortytsia in the urban area of Zaporizhia is the largest Dnieper island.
Numerous other river islands of the Dnieper are located near Kiev and in its mouth delta on the Black Sea. The last warm temperate primeval forests in Europe exist in the Carpathian Mountains. Cucumbers , tomatoes , peppers , onions , legumes, and eggplant are the most commonly grown vegetables. Typical fruits include grapes , pears , melons , peaches , plums and apricots.
The most important crop is wheat. In addition to it, a lot of rye , barley , potatoes , maize and especially buckwheat are grown. The sunflower is the national plant. In addition to the natural biodiversity, there are pheasants , cranes and peacocks. In addition, exotic species such as the African ostrich have been introduced into the Askanija-Nowa nature reserve. Small monkeys also live there. The camel is one of the traditional breeding animals of the Crimea. The seas around the peninsula are home to some species of dolphins and whales.
Water turtles , lizards, and snakes are found across the country. Raccoons , wild boars , bears , wolves and deer are forest dwellers and are therefore most common in western and northern Ukraine. In Askanija-Nowa there are over specimens of the critically endangered Przewalski horse , which was introduced to Europe from Mongolia around The tarpan lived in the wild in Ukraine until years ago , when it was eventually exterminated.
The Ukrainian steppe cattle were widespread in Ukraine until the beginning of the 20th century. After severe environmental disasters such as the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and the tank accident in the Black Sea, the government has set itself the goal of implementing reforms for nature conservation. The population of Ukraine in , including Crimea, was around 44 million 42 million excluding Crimea. Ukraine's population has been falling since the end of the Soviet era due to low life expectancy, emigration and a collapsing birth rate.
In , there were The fertility rate per woman was 1. The median age was Ukraine has a surplus of women due to high male death rates. By , Ukraine is expected to have a population of 36 million. In , 5. Most of them lived in Russia 3. In Ukraine itself, Before the First World War , a German-speaking minority of several hundred thousand people lived in what is now the Ukraine Galicia , Bukovina , Volhynia , Black Sea coast ; today there are still around 30, to 40, Until , several million Poles lived in the regions of Galicia, Bukowina and Volhynia, which are now part of western Ukraine.
In there were massacres of the Polish population, especially in Volhynia, of which over 40, Poles fell victim. After the war and the annexation of the Polish territories east of the Bug , the Polish population was expelled in the course of the c. Ukraine was one of the main circulation areas of the Yiddish language. In around , Jews were still living in Ukraine. Their number continues to decline because of emigration and the general decline in the birth rate. According to the official census of , The Russians in Transcarpathia are a minority not recognized by the state.
In addition to the ten largest ethnic groups, there are also smaller minorities with fewer than , inhabitants, including mainly Greeks , Roma , Azerbaijanis , Georgians and Germans. Ukrainians make up the majority of the population in all regions except the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol.
In these two regions, Russians are by far the predominant ethnic group, other areas with a high Russian population of Most of the Russians in Ukraine live in cities. In rural regions only 6. The different historical experiences from multiethnic states in the regions of Ukraine complicate the language question:.
The vast majority of the population have a command of both the Ukrainian language and the Russian language. However, when it gained independence in , Russian lost its status as an official language. A common oral hybrid form of the Ukrainian language with the Russian is the surschyk.
In the census, the mother tongue of the population was also determined according to the respondents' own statements. Here, a share of the population of The difference to the nationality distribution can be explained by the fact that A prominent example of this is the Ukrainian Julija Tymoshenko , whose mother tongue is Russian.
The members of the smaller nationality groups predominantly named Russian as their mother tongue, with Ukrainian dominating only among the Poles. Russian was the mother tongue of In Ternopil Oblast , the proportion of Ukrainian native speakers reached In most of the southern Ukrainian oblasts, two thirds of the population said Ukrainian was their mother tongue.
In the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol , the proportion of native Ukrainians was only In the eastern Ukrainian regions oblast Kharkov , oblast Dnipropetrowsk and oblast Saporischschja Ukrainian native represent the majority language with values between Ukrainian native speakers are a minority in Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast with shares of Many native Russian speakers in Crimea are ethnic Ukrainians and members of other minorities.
In northern and central Ukraine, the proportion of native Russian speakers is between 1. Statistics from the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from show Several surveys revealed a Russian-speaking majority in regions where Ukrainian predominated according to the official census, including the Kharkov and Odessa oblasts. In the West, Since independence, however, the language situation has shifted somewhat in favor of Ukrainian.
In , according to official statistics, the proportion of Ukrainian native speakers was The proportion of Russian native speakers in was Ukrainian has been the only official language in the country since , although large parts of the population are demanding that Russian be reintroduced as the second official language.
Since Ukrainian has become a compulsory subject in all schools and increasingly also the language of instruction. At many Ukrainian universities, especially in the technical field, however, due to a lack of Ukrainian specialist literature, lessons are predominantly or only in Russian.
The "language question" is a hot topic in Ukrainian politics. The Russian-oriented Party of Regions and the Communist Party advocate full equality of Russian as the second official language.
An active policy of Ukrainization was pursued under Viktor Yushchenko ; For example, Russian was pushed back in schools and in everyday life and numerous measures were introduced to encourage the use of the Ukrainian language. However, President Yanukovych, elected in , overturned many of these measures, against which the opposition around Yulia Tymoshenko protested vehemently.
Yanukovych initially also spoke out against the introduction of Russian as the second state language, as the situation in parliament made the necessary amendment of the Ukrainian constitution, for which a two-thirds majority is required, impossible.
Yanukovych also feared protests from the nationalist camp. In spring , however, his Party of Regions took up the language issue again. Despite violent, sometimes violent protests by the opposition in parliament, a law was passed according to which in a region in which at least ten percent of the population have another mother tongue, it is given the status of a regional official language. This means that Russian is on an equal footing with Ukrainian in 13 of the 27 regions of Ukraine, including the capital Kiev.
In addition, Ukraine recognized the Russian language for the first time , which had previously been officially treated as a dialect of Ukrainian. In February this law was found to be unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court and thus declared null and void. In September , the Ukrainian parliament passed a new draft law restricting the right to instruction for ethnic minorities in their mother tongues in Ukrainian schools. Since Romanians and Hungarians are among the most important ethnic minorities in Ukraine, Romania and Hungary condemned this law and Romanian President Klaus Johannis canceled a planned visit to Kiev in protest.
Ukraine is a mixed denominational country. Until there was a split into a canonically recognized Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate , an autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church and an unrecognized Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, which was established after A bitter dispute raged between the two churches over legitimacy and property claims.
Their legitimacy was also controversial. In October , the Ecumenical Patriarch, against the opposition of the Russian Orthodox Church, recognized the churches as canonical and placed the territory of Ukraine under its direct jurisdiction with the aim of uniting the three churches.
The church, which is subordinate to the Moscow Patriarch, boycotted the synod at which the merger was decided. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , which was established in , also follows the Orthodox rite , although it recognizes the supremacy of the Pope and is united with Rome.
It has around 5. The life expectancy of men in Ukraine is There is no compulsory or state health insurance in Ukraine, so many cannot afford costly surgery. According to the WHO, 0. It is estimated that at the beginning of 1. It is not clear to what extent this is a long-standing disease frequency. The Ukraine is thus the hardest hit country in Europe.
In connection with the H1N1 virus commonly known as swine flu and new flu , the Ukrainian government ordered the closure of school facilities and a ban on major events for three weeks in nine oblasts on October 30, after a series of deaths.
In total, the Ukrainian authorities confirmed the deaths of 33 people. The Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko confirmed only eleven deaths. In the west of the country there were hamster purchases in pharmacies. The Ukrainian armed forces deployed doctors, paramedics and reservists to take care of the masses of people suffering from the flu.
In addition, emerged in the seventh to sixth centuries BC. Formed the Bosporan Empire. In the third and fourth centuries, Goths settled in the south between the Dnestr and Dnieper rivers and in the Crimea.
In they were subjugated by the Huns. The wild field , the vast steppe areas in the south of the country, served as a transit area for Bulgarians , Avars , Magyars and other peoples. The region of Polesia in the northwest of Ukraine is considered to be a possible original home of the Slavs. From the 8th century onwards, Vikings sailed the Eastern European rivers and mingled with the Slavic majority population. These warrior merchants, also known as Varangians or Rus , were instrumental in founding the Kievan Rus with centers in Kiev and Novgorod.
The Kievan Rus reached their heyday in the 10th and 11th centuries after they had enforced trade privileges in Byzantium through military campaigns and destroyed the Khazar Empire. With the Greek Orthodox Christianization of Rus in , a remarkable cultural boom began. However, feudal processes of division began in the 12th century.
Due to the political fragmentation, the Old Russian Empire succumbed to the invasion of the Mongols from to , who made the Rus tribute to their empire of the Golden Horde. The north-eastern part of the Rus Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal , Ryazan , Tver remained under their rule until , while the south-western areas and Galicia-Volhynienin were under the rule as a result of the Battle of the Irpen and the Battle of the Blue Water of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania came, which later formed a joint Republic of Poland-Lithuania with Poland.
Areas of today's Ukraine came under Polish rule from the 16th century. In the east, the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal became the Grand Duchy of Moscow , which gradually consolidated all neighboring Russian principalities and finally subjugated the Tatar Khanate of Kazan. Due to its expansion, Ukraine became a Russian-Polish rival area and borderland. In the Black Sea region, the rule of the Crimean Khanate continued under Ottoman suzerainty until the Crimea was annexed by the Russian Empire in the 18th century.
In the border regions between the wooded sedentary world and the nomadic steppe landscapes historically called Wildes Feld , the Slavic Cossacks , who had adapted to the way of life as steppe riders, lived in constant guerrilla warfare with the invading Crimean Tatars. Legal discrimination, economic exploitation and religious pressure on the Orthodox population of south-western Russia on the part of the Polish crown and the Polish magnates repeatedly led to bloody uprisings against Polish rule, which were further encouraged by the imposed church union of Brest in In , Ukraine liberated itself from the rule of Poland in a popular uprising led by the Cossack hetman Bohdan Khmelnyzkyj and the Zaporozhian Cossacks founded an independent state, the hetmanate.
In , in the Treaty of Pereyaslav , the Cossacks submitted to the sovereignty of the Moscow Tsar, and as a result the left bank Ukraine in relation to the Dnieper River with Kiev came under Russian rule. The hetmanate of the Cossacks existed as an autonomous part of the Russian Empire until the reign of Catherine the Great.
The right bank hetmanate was dissolved by the Poles in the 17th century. When Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century, the right bank of Ukraine also fell to Russia, the regions of Galicia in the west of Ukraine and Bukovina in the west to the Habsburg Empire. As a result of several Russo-Turkish wars , large parts of what is now southern Ukraine were wrested from the Crimean Tatars, who were under Ottoman vassalage.
These areas were developed as New Russia under the direction of Grigori Potjomkin and settled with Zaporozhian Cossacks and settlers from Ukraine and Russia. The Ukrainians were called Little Russians in the Russian Empire, based on an old division of the Orthodox church provinces into Little Russia historical heartland around Kiev and Greater Russia the areas in the north. In the 19th century, a national movement began to develop in what is now Ukraine. Important national thought leaders were the national poet Taras Shevchenko and the historians Mykola Nikolaj Kostomarow and Mychajlo Hruschewskyj.
In the second half of the 19th century, the Ukrainian national movement was suppressed by the authorities by banning schools and certain political printed matter in the Ukrainian language then known as the Little Russian dialect. Therefore, the focus of the national movement shifted to Austrian Galicia, where the Ukrainians Ruthenians , unlike Russia, were recognized as a nationality. On January 22, , the unification of the two People's Republics was decided.
However, the territory of the West-Ukrainian People's Republic was also claimed by Poland and was completely occupied by July as part of the Polish-Ukrainian War ; however, in the Polish-Soviet War, the Polish troops were pushed back shortly afterwards. As a result, the western Ukrainian territories fell to Poland , Romania and Czechoslovakia , and central, eastern and southern Ukraine to the Russian Soviet Republic.
At the same time, the predominantly peasant Machno movement in the south-east of the country managed to carry out an anarchist revolution. The early Bolshevik nationality policy of the Korenizazija aimed to win the minorities over to the socialist idea and at the same time to weaken the reactionary unified Russian forces. A state policy of Ukrainization , which continued until , began , which promoted the Ukrainian language and increased the proportion of Ukrainians in the Communist Party and the authorities.
General women's suffrage had existed since March 10, For the young Soviet Union, Ukraine was the "breadbasket". When agriculture was forcibly collectivized under Josef Stalin since , there was a famine known as the Holodomor in Ukraine, which according to the latest estimates claimed around 3. Ukrainian historians believe that it was brought about on purpose.
Lazar Kaganovich is considered to be the main person responsible for the terror in connection with forced collectivization. However, the evaluation of the historical events is controversial. As a result of the Hitler-Stalin Pact , after the German attack on Poland and the Soviet invasion of Eastern Poland in the summer of , the western Ukrainian areas that had belonged to Poland since were annexed by the Soviet Union , as agreed in the German-Soviet border and friendship treaty.
Sections of the Ukrainian population waged a partisan war against the German occupiers, others, especially in Galicia, cooperated with the Germans. In the west of the country the Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought against the advancing Soviets and the Polish population.
Since the members of this underground army knew that they were doomed to die in the hands of Soviet authorities, their suppression by units of the NKVD lasted well beyond the end of the Second World War. Ukraine was the scene of numerous mass murders of Jews, Poles and Soviet prisoners of war Babi Yar massacre. Over 2 million Ukrainians were deported to Germany as Eastern workers.
World War II claimed around 4 million civilian lives in Ukraine, including around one and a half million Jewish Ukrainians.
Almost the entire Jewish population, unless they fled, was wiped out. Villages and towns were destroyed using the scorched earth tactic , first by the Red Army, then by the German occupiers on their respective retreats. There were about ten million homeless people in Ukraine in In the course of Poland's shift to the west , almost the entire Polish population was evacuated from the formerly Polish areas of today's western Ukraine , some of them forcibly expelled.
In return, the Ukrainian minority in Poland was forcibly relocated to the Ukraine, and in some cases to the west of Poland. After the war, the whole of Ukraine was united in one state, the Soviet Union , for the first time.
The post-war period in Ukraine was marked by reconstruction and heavy industrialization, as well as rapid population growth. The population of the Ukrainian SSR increased from around With the collapse of the Soviet Union in December , Ukraine gained its state independence after a referendum with The women's suffrage was confirmed.
Since independence, Ukraine has sought its national identity and its international role between a western orientation, e. Ukraine has suffered severe economic and demographic problems since independence. Since its independence, the population has decreased by more than 6. The economic efficiency as in the time of the Soviet Union has not been achieved since then.
Ukraine's gross domestic product in was only Ukraine delivered most of the tactical nuclear weapons to Russia in , but retained the strategic nuclear weapons and demanded money and security guarantees from the West for their extradition.
It received US financial aid and security guarantees on the basis of a trilateral agreement between Ukraine, Russia and the USA from January Budapest Memorandum , joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Start I Treaty at the end of and declared itself free of nuclear weapons in In the presidential election in Ukraine , the Orange Revolution , the western-oriented presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko prevailed against the Russian-backed Viktor Yanukovych.
Many political observers saw this as pointing the way for the orientation of Ukraine. The most important protagonists of the orange camp - Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko - could not agree on a common path in the years that followed, and many of the Ukrainians' hopes remained unfulfilled.
Tired of the political stagnation, the Ukrainians elected the Russian-oriented Viktor Yanukovych to the presidency at the beginning of The protests known as Euromaidan began in November when the signing of the EU association was suspended under pressure from Russia. In February , an agreement was reached that provided for a return to the constitution that was in effect until September and included the de facto dismissal of Viktor Yanukovych.
As a result, a transitional government was formed on February 27, under Arseniy Yatsenjuk. Later on, Russia occupied and annexed Crimea in violation of international law , and secessionist movements broke out in eastern Ukraine, which escalated into a serious armed conflict that has lasted since On February 15, , an agreement called Minsk II was concluded, which aims to de-escalate and pacify the conflict in eastern Ukraine.
According to Leszek Balcerowicz, Ukraine absorbed the shocks from the legacy of the former president and from Russian military and economic aggression through an embargo within the next two years. The pending reforms should include privatizations, as the state still owns many loss-making companies from which money is being siphoned.
In the spring of , after a ruling by the Stockholm arbitration court, the latent threat of a billions lawsuit by Gazprom , which was a holdover from the decades-old gas dispute , or the gag agreement of , seemed to be dropped. On November 26, , the Ukrainian parliament imposed a state of emergency limited to 30 days. It was a reaction to the massive attacks by the Russian coast guard on Ukrainian ships and the risk of a large-scale invasion by the Russian Federation due to massive concentrations of Russian troops along the Ukrainian border.
Ukraine is to the Constitution of Ukraine is a democratic , republican , socially - and constitutionally organized unitary state with a semi-presidential system of government. The constitution provides for a separation of powers. The head of state is the president , the government Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine is headed by a prime minister. Only the Autonomous Republic of Crimea had and still has de jure the right to dispose of its own constitution, government and semi-autonomous legislation.
The constitution of Ukraine dates from June 28, and, as a constitutional state law, claims the highest legal authority. All measures taken by the state and its institutions, including legislation and international treaties , must be in accordance with it. The Constitutional Court of Ukraine is solely and exclusively responsible for interpreting the constitution and examining the constitutionality of state action.
Changes to this are incumbent on the parliament and are to be decided in a special constitutional amendment procedure within the framework of a regular legislative session with a two-thirds majority of the legal members of the Verkhovna Rada. They are to be drawn up as a constitution-amending law by the President of Ukraine. Changes to the state principles, elections and referendums, as well as the provisions on the constitutional amendment also require approval in a referendum.
This happened for the first time with Law No. These changes were rejected as unconstitutional and declared null and void by a decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on October 1, However, this Parliament decision lacked the constitutional validity the signature of the then incumbent President Viktor Yanukovych.
It is unclear whether and, if so, when this can and will be made up for by the new president. Until then, the constitution in its original version from will continue to apply. He is supposed to uphold the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine and is at the head of the executive branch. A delegation of these powers is expressly excluded.
The President is elected for a term of five years by direct election by the people of Ukraine. A candidate may not hold office for more than two terms in a row. Eligible are those who are at least 35 years old, have Ukrainian citizenship, are actively eligible to vote and have lived in Ukraine for at least 10 years. Premature resignation from office is possible through own resignation, determination of health-related incapacity, a formal impeachment procedure or the death of the office holder.
It exercises the sole legislative power of the state. It is directly elected by the people of Ukraine for a legislative period of 5 years, with the election date and procedure being determined by the outgoing parliament. Members of the Rada enjoy legal immunity for the duration of the legislative period and are not allowed to exercise any other office within Ukraine, in particular not be part of the executive branch. Apart from the expiry of the legislative period, the Rada can only be dissolved by the President of Ukraine in exceptional cases, in which case new elections must be held immediately.
The Verkhovna Rada is headed and represented by a President of the Verkhovna Rada elected from among its members. The former is appointed by the President of Ukraine with the approval of the Verkhovna Rada. The remaining members of the Cabinet are appointed by the President on the proposal of the Prime Minister.
The term of office of the cabinet is linked to the term of office of the Prime Minister. The Verkhovna Rada can cast a vote of no confidence in the prime minister, with the result that the prime minister and the entire cabinet must be dismissed from office by the president. Due to its bilateral appointment and dismissal, the Cabinet of Ministers is just as dependent on majorities in the Verkhovna Rada for its work as it is on the support of the President.
Azarov was released from the Verkhovna Rada on January 28, by Yanukovych's resignation. With the government business up to the appointment of a new government, the previous First Vice Prime Minister Serhiy Arbusov , also from the Party of Regions, was provisionally appointed.
On February 22, , the Verkhovna Rada decided to dismiss him as acting prime minister and to transfer the leadership of the cabinet of ministers to the parliamentary speaker of the Verkhovna Rada, Oleksandr Turchynov of the Fatherland Party, until a new prime minister was elected.
The Yatsenyuk government was in office from February 27, to December 2, , and parliament rejected its offer to resign. A coalition government ruled from December 2, to April 14, under the confirmed Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenjuk , which had formed after the parliamentary elections at the end of October. On April 14, , after Yatsenyuk resigned, it was replaced by the Hroysman cabinet , a coalition government formed by Volodymyr Hroysman.
After the early parliamentary elections in Ukraine in , the Verkhovna Rada met for the first time on August 29, and elected Oleksiy Honcharuk as the new Prime Minister. After the parliament had accepted a resignation from Oleksij Hontscharuk on March 4, , it elected Denys Schmyhal as the new prime minister on the same day.
The Central Electoral Commission of Ukraine , an authority based in Kiev, is responsible for organizing and conducting the presidential and parliamentary elections, local elections and referendums.
The 15 members of the commission are elected for a period of 7 years by the Verkhovna Rada and appointed by the President. A so-called trench voting system has been in place for parliamentary elections since The political party landscape in Ukraine is changing, new parties are emerging, older parties are merging or changing their names.
Thus, Ukrainian politics is partly more shaped by the continuity of individual top politicians in changing constellations than by individual groups; the elections of , and each showed very different results. Ukraine is divided into 24 oblasts ukr. Since the annexation of Crimea by Russia in , the government in Kiev can no longer exercise territorial sovereignty over the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol.
Ukraine is a unitary state ; for a long time the oblasts and municipalities had very little authority.
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