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DeepDyve requires Javascript to function. Please enable Javascript on your browser to continue. Growth studies conducted in soil amended with UR and BR extracts revealed phytotoxic effects towards test crops, UR being more active than BR unlike crude extracts.
These effects were attributed to the presence of phenolics Singh et al. Parthenin leaching as root exudate plays a pivotal role in allelopathic interference with surrounding plants Belz et al. Parthenin has also been reported as a germination and radicle growth inhibitor in a variety of dicot and monocot plants and it enters the soil through the decomposing leaf litter Gunaseelan Burning of P.
Poor fruiting of leguminous crops and reduction in chlorophyll content of crop plants were observed in P.
Parthenium hysterophorus played role as alternate host for crop pests functioning as an inoculum source. This weed has been reported to serve as a reservoir plant of scarab beetle, a pest of sunflower.
Parthenium hysterophorus invasion causes changes in above-ground vegetation and below-ground soil nutrient contents, disturbing the entire grassland ecosystem in Nepal as reported by Timsina et al.
It squeezes grasslands and pastures, reducing the fodder supply. Dhileepan observed dwindling effect of P. The invasive capacity and alleolopathic properties have rendered P. Very sparse or sometimes no other vegetation can be seen in P. It has been reported to be causing a total habitat change in native Australian grasslands, open woodlands, river banks and flood plains Lakshmi and Srinivas These weeds rapidly invade new surroundings often replace the indigenous species and pose a serious threat to biodiversity in India.
Akter and Zuberi conducted an extensive survey on invasive alien species IAS and their impact on different land use types viz. Among others, P. The more vigorous mode of reproduction and the possession of an array of secondary metabolites give the weed the status of invasive alien species.
Parthenium hysterophorus has multiple harmful aspects and no particular use. Its eradication is a major challenge to government, primarily because of its epidemic proliferation and strong reproductive potential, apart from its wide ecological range.
Several physical and chemical methods used in the past to eliminate this weed have proved ineffective, expensive and not eco-friendly. The biomass of this plant is not put to any use and disposed along the roadsides, agricultural fields and railway tracks after uprooting.
Further, these weeds are burnt in order to prevent various ailments induced by its toxic sesquiterpene lactone. However, burning of P. Tamado and Milberg conducted experiments to compare the effect of hand hoeing and applying herbicide 2,4-D on growth of this weed and its effect on yield of sorghum in small holder farming systems in Ethiopia.
Hoeing proved to be more efficient than the use of chemical herbicide. Dhileepan a , b studied the effectiveness of leaf-feeding beetle Zygogramma bicolorata Fig. The moth Carmenta ithacae and leaf-rust Puccinia melampodi were released to eliminate this weed, but little success has been attained in this regard as the weed has great regenerative potential and moreover the insect consumes only the foliage of the weed which stimulates further leafy proliferation Dhileepan and Strathie The flowers and seeds, which are the main source of its dissemination, remain unaffected.
Biocontrol agents of P. The volatile terpenes present in leaves of eucalyptus emanate in the form of vapours into the surroundings. The vapours get adsorbed to soil, curbing the seed germination and reducing the chlorophyll content as well as cellular respiration.
The oil vapours increase water loss leading to wilting. Eucalyptus oils may be used as natural herbicides for the biocontrol of P.
Cassia sericea has the ability to overgrow P. Also marigold Tagetes erecta is reported to suppress P. The control agents for the weed P. Lakshmi and Srinivas Ipomoea carnea was introduced in India as green manure crop but later it posed a problem. But now, this weed has been discovered to possess many uses. Ganesh et al. Patel et al. Similarly, L. Two novel triterpenoids have been isolated from the roots of L. Its leaves have yielded an essential oil which is rich in sesquiterpenes, and a hepatoprotective compound oleanolic acid is isolated from the roots Misra and Laatsch Methanolic extract of L.
It contains high amount of holocellulose and can serve as a low-cost feedstock for bioethanol production Kuhad et al. The same strategy can be adopted for dealing with P. Some future prospects envisioned for P.
The decoction of P. Ethnobotanically, it is used by some tribes as remedy for inflammation, eczema, skin rashes, herpes, rheumatic pain, cold, heart trouble and gynaecological ailments. Parthenium hysterophorus has been found to be pharmacologically active as analgesic in muscular rheumatism, therapeutic for neuralgia and as vermifuge Maishi et al.
This weed is also reported as promising remedy against hepatic amoebiasis. Parthenin, the major constituent of the plant, exhibits significant medicinal attributes including anticancer property Venkataiah et al. The methanol extract of the flowers showed significant antitumour activity and parthenin exhibited cytotoxic properties against T cell leukaemia, HL and Hela cancer cell lines Das et al. Previously, Ramos et al. Aqueous extract of P. So, flower extract of this weed can be used for developing drug for diabetes mellitus.
Parashar et al. This discovery can promote this noxious plant into a valuable weed for nanotechnology-based industries in future. Applications of such eco-friendly nanoparticles in bactericidal, wound healing and other medical and electronic applications makes this method potentially exciting for the large-scale synthesis of other nanomaterials. Allelopathy can be used to increase crop production at minimal expenses and to diminish the current reliance on synthetic agrochemicals that degrade the environmental quality.
The allelochemicals can be exploited as herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides and growth regulator. Pesticidal potential has been established in terms of ovicidal and anti-fleedant effects Datta and Saxena The allelochemicals also provide defence against herbivorous predators. Kishor et al. Compost from this weed on application in soil enhanced its moisture level more than nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium NPK alone.
Anaerobic digestion of parthenium dried solids biodegrades the plant growth and conserves the NPK content. This can be applied as organic manure Gunaseelan Javaid used P.
The effect of P. Spike length, number of grains per spike and grain yield gradually increased by increasing the quantity of green manure. Parthenium hysterophorus being rich in N, P, K, Ca, Mg and chlorophyll content is ideally suited for composting. Ordinary P. For maximum exploitation of the nutrient contents of P. So, if tapped properly, this weed can contribute to agronomic processes.
Environmental pollution with heavy metals has become a global phenomenon. Nickel II is present in the effluents of silver refineries, electroplating, zinc base casting and storage battery industries. At higher concentrations, nickel causes cancer of lungs, nose and bone. Cost-effective alternative technologies or absorbents are needed for the treatment of metal-contaminted wastewaters especially in developing countries like India.
Lata et al. The dried biomass of P. This sulphuric acid-treated carbonized Parthenium SWC could be an effective, easily available and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Ni II from dilute aqueous solution. However, it is extremely toxic even in low dosages and responsible for causing renal disorder, high blood pressure, bone deformity and destruction of RBCs. Ajmal et al. Batch process was employed for adsorption of Cd II ions by dried and crushed mass of P.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry AAS of the filtrate showed that P. The maximum adsorption of Cd II ions in the pH range 3—4 was Cresol, a phenol derivative, is found in effluents of petrochemical, oil and metal refineries, chemical and glass fibre manufacturing, ceramic and steel plants, phenolic resin manufacturing industries, etc.
This toxic effluent is known to cause stomach tumours, corrode the eyes, skin and respiratory tracts and affect the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, lungs, kidney and liver, even leading to unconsciousness and death. Activated carbon prepared from P. In order to test the adsorbent efficacy of parthenium-based activated carbon PAC , it is compared with commercial grade activated carbon AC.
AC is an expensive activated carbon and so regeneration is essential. In contrast to this, PAC is inexpensive, easily available and does not need regeneration and thus promises sustainable utilization in p-cresol removal from industrial wastewater Singh et al. The discharge of coloured waste into streams affects their aesthetic nature, reduces photosynthesis and renders aquatic bodies toxic due to the metals and chlorides in it.
Adsorbents prepared from P. Dye adsorption capacity of sulphuric acid-treated parthenium SWC and phosphoric acid-treated parthenium PWC is compared with that of commercially available activated carbon AC. Maximum dye is sequestered by AC; however, PWC and SWC also showed significant results and can be considered as potential adsorbents for methylene blue removal from dilute aqueous solutions Lata et al.
Going by these promising findings, this weed can be exploited for industrial pollution control. Salvinia Salvinia molesta Mitchell , water lettuce Pistia stratiotes and water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes choke off water bodies suffocating aquatic creatures.
Pandey studied the effect of dry P. The treatment caused wilting and desiccation of above-water parts of these floating plants.
With the increasing concentration of P. Xylanases are hydrolytic enzymes that cleave xylans. The end products of xylan degradation have industrial applications for biofuel, artificial sweetener, animal feed production, baking and textile industry, clarification of fruit juices and coffee extraction. Besides, there has been an increasing interest in using xylanases for ecofriendly bleaching of pulp in paper industries. The potential of P. They investigated xylanase production from a mutant of Penicillium oxalicum in submerged fermentation.
Considerably higher level of the enzyme production in medium containing P. In the wake of oil crisis, energy generation from biowastes by anaerobic digestion has attracted immense attention. Energy crops are likely to be future sources of digester feed stocks for methane generation. Parthenium hysterophorus has multiple harmful aspects and no particular use.
Its eradication is a major challenge to government, primarily because of its epidemic proliferation and strong reproductive potential, apart from its wide ecological range. Several physical and chemical methods used in the past to eliminate this weed have proved ineffective, expensive and not eco-friendly.
The biomass of this plant is not put to any use and disposed along the roadsides, agricultural fields and railway tracks after uprooting. Further, these weeds are burnt in order to prevent various ailments induced by its toxic sesquiterpene lactone.
However, burning of P. Tamado and Milberg conducted experiments to compare the effect of hand hoeing and applying herbicide 2,4-D on growth of this weed and its effect on yield of sorghum in small holder farming systems in Ethiopia.
Hoeing proved to be more efficient than the use of chemical herbicide. Dhileepan a , b studied the effectiveness of leaf-feeding beetle Zygogramma bicolorata Fig. The moth Carmenta ithacae and leaf-rust Puccinia melampodi were released to eliminate this weed, but little success has been attained in this regard as the weed has great regenerative potential and moreover the insect consumes only the foliage of the weed which stimulates further leafy proliferation Dhileepan and Strathie The flowers and seeds, which are the main source of its dissemination, remain unaffected.
Biocontrol agents of P. The volatile terpenes present in leaves of eucalyptus emanate in the form of vapours into the surroundings. The vapours get adsorbed to soil, curbing the seed germination and reducing the chlorophyll content as well as cellular respiration. The oil vapours increase water loss leading to wilting. Eucalyptus oils may be used as natural herbicides for the biocontrol of P.
Cassia sericea has the ability to overgrow P. Also marigold Tagetes erecta is reported to suppress P. The control agents for the weed P. Ipomoea carnea was introduced in India as green manure crop but later it posed a problem.
But now, this weed has been discovered to possess many uses. Ganesh et al. Patel et al. Similarly, L. Two novel triterpenoids have been isolated from the roots of L. Its leaves have yielded an essential oil which is rich in sesquiterpenes, and a hepatoprotective compound oleanolic acid is isolated from the roots Misra and Laatsch Methanolic extract of L.
It contains high amount of holocellulose and can serve as a low-cost feedstock for bioethanol production Kuhad et al. The same strategy can be adopted for dealing with P.
Some future prospects envisioned for P. The decoction of P. Ethnobotanically, it is used by some tribes as remedy for inflammation, eczema, skin rashes, herpes, rheumatic pain, cold, heart trouble and gynaecological ailments.
Parthenium hysterophorus has been found to be pharmacologically active as analgesic in muscular rheumatism, therapeutic for neuralgia and as vermifuge Maishi et al. This weed is also reported as promising remedy against hepatic amoebiasis. Parthenin, the major constituent of the plant, exhibits significant medicinal attributes including anticancer property Venkataiah et al. The methanol extract of the flowers showed significant antitumour activity and parthenin exhibited cytotoxic properties against T cell leukaemia, HL and Hela cancer cell lines Das et al.
Previously, Ramos et al. Aqueous extract of P. So, flower extract of this weed can be used for developing drug for diabetes mellitus. Parashar et al. This discovery can promote this noxious plant into a valuable weed for nanotechnology-based industries in future. Applications of such eco-friendly nanoparticles in bactericidal, wound healing and other medical and electronic applications makes this method potentially exciting for the large-scale synthesis of other nanomaterials.
Allelopathy can be used to increase crop production at minimal expenses and to diminish the current reliance on synthetic agrochemicals that degrade the environmental quality. The allelochemicals can be exploited as herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides and growth regulator. Pesticidal potential has been established in terms of ovicidal and anti-fleedant effects Datta and Saxena The allelochemicals also provide defence against herbivorous predators.
Kishor et al. Compost from this weed on application in soil enhanced its moisture level more than nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium NPK alone. Anaerobic digestion of parthenium dried solids biodegrades the plant growth and conserves the NPK content. This can be applied as organic manure Gunaseelan Javaid used P.
The effect of P. Spike length, number of grains per spike and grain yield gradually increased by increasing the quantity of green manure. Parthenium hysterophorus being rich in N, P, K, Ca, Mg and chlorophyll content is ideally suited for composting. Ordinary P. For maximum exploitation of the nutrient contents of P.
So, if tapped properly, this weed can contribute to agronomic processes. Environmental pollution with heavy metals has become a global phenomenon. Nickel II is present in the effluents of silver refineries, electroplating, zinc base casting and storage battery industries. At higher concentrations, nickel causes cancer of lungs, nose and bone. Cost-effective alternative technologies or absorbents are needed for the treatment of metal-contaminted wastewaters especially in developing countries like India.
Lata et al. The dried biomass of P. This sulphuric acid-treated carbonized Parthenium SWC could be an effective, easily available and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Ni II from dilute aqueous solution. However, it is extremely toxic even in low dosages and responsible for causing renal disorder, high blood pressure, bone deformity and destruction of RBCs. Ajmal et al. Batch process was employed for adsorption of Cd II ions by dried and crushed mass of P. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry AAS of the filtrate showed that P.
The maximum adsorption of Cd II ions in the pH range 3—4 was Cresol, a phenol derivative, is found in effluents of petrochemical, oil and metal refineries, chemical and glass fibre manufacturing, ceramic and steel plants, phenolic resin manufacturing industries, etc.
This toxic effluent is known to cause stomach tumours, corrode the eyes, skin and respiratory tracts and affect the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, lungs, kidney and liver, even leading to unconsciousness and death.
Activated carbon prepared from P. In order to test the adsorbent efficacy of parthenium-based activated carbon PAC , it is compared with commercial grade activated carbon AC. AC is an expensive activated carbon and so regeneration is essential. In contrast to this, PAC is inexpensive, easily available and does not need regeneration and thus promises sustainable utilization in p-cresol removal from industrial wastewater Singh et al.
The discharge of coloured waste into streams affects their aesthetic nature, reduces photosynthesis and renders aquatic bodies toxic due to the metals and chlorides in it. Adsorbents prepared from P. Dye adsorption capacity of sulphuric acid-treated parthenium SWC and phosphoric acid-treated parthenium PWC is compared with that of commercially available activated carbon AC.
Maximum dye is sequestered by AC; however, PWC and SWC also showed significant results and can be considered as potential adsorbents for methylene blue removal from dilute aqueous solutions Lata et al. Going by these promising findings, this weed can be exploited for industrial pollution control. Salvinia Salvinia molesta Mitchell , water lettuce Pistia stratiotes and water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes choke off water bodies suffocating aquatic creatures.
Pandey studied the effect of dry P. The treatment caused wilting and desiccation of above-water parts of these floating plants. With the increasing concentration of P. Xylanases are hydrolytic enzymes that cleave xylans. The end products of xylan degradation have industrial applications for biofuel, artificial sweetener, animal feed production, baking and textile industry, clarification of fruit juices and coffee extraction. Besides, there has been an increasing interest in using xylanases for ecofriendly bleaching of pulp in paper industries.
The potential of P. They investigated xylanase production from a mutant of Penicillium oxalicum in submerged fermentation. Considerably higher level of the enzyme production in medium containing P. In the wake of oil crisis, energy generation from biowastes by anaerobic digestion has attracted immense attention. Energy crops are likely to be future sources of digester feed stocks for methane generation. The chemical changes during the course of digestion and the effect of digested slurry inoculum on biogas production were investigated and significant increase in methane content was achieved.
Parthenium hysterophorus should be seriously considered as a substrate for the production of biogas in India via anaerobic digestion, considering the abundance of this weed and large quantity of livestock.
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